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Sumo (also known as Sumu) is the collective name for a group of Misumalpan languages spoken along the north-western part of Mosquitia. Hale & Salamanca (2001) classify the Sumu languages into a northern Mayangna, composed of the Tawahka and Panamahka dialects, and southern Ulwa. Sumu specialist Ken Hale considered the differences between Ulwa and Mayangna in both vocabulary and morphology to be so considerable that he prefers to speak of Ulwa as a language distinct from the northern Sumu varieties.

• Phonology

• Consonants

• Vowels

• Sources

• References

| | | Labial | Alveolar | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |

|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|

| | | Labial | plain | lateral | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |

| Nasal | voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | | | ŋ̊ | |

| Nasal | voiced | m | n | | | ŋ | |

| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | | | k | |

| Plosive | voiced | b | d | | | | |

| Fricative | Fricative | | s | | | | h |

| Liquid | voiceless | | r̥ | l̥ | | | |

| Liquid | voiced | | r | l | | | |

| Semivowel | Semivowel | w | | | j | | |

| | Front | Front | Back | Back |

|---|---|---|---|---|

| | short | long | short | long |

| Close | i | iː | u | uː |

| Open | a | aː | | |

• Hale, Ken, and Danilo Salamanca (2001) "Theoretical and Universal Implications of Certain Verbal Entries in Dictionaries of the Misumalpan Languages", in Frawley, Hill & Munro eds. Making Dictionaries: Preserving indigenous Languages of the Americas. University of California Press.

• Norwood, Susan (1997). Gramática de la lengua sumu. Managua: CIDCA.

cite-note-e18-11. Mayangna at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Ulwa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)